Solar Energy Essay Example for Free

Solar Energy Essay |The increasing cost of energy and the reality of almost-depleted oil resources have driven man to discover alternative sources. And now, the human race has turned to the basic elements of nature by harnessing energy from wind, water, and the sun. Solar energy is a renewable form of energy and has been a major focus as an alternative source.   It offers promising potentials as a clean renewable form of energy but it also has its limitations. Sun, as our closest star, is practically an indirect and direct source of available energy here on Earth.    But it was only until recently that the potentials of solar energy appealed to society as it has been greatly improved through research and study. The sun’s energy originates from the nuclear reactions at its core where temperature reaches 15 millions  °C.   It reaches the Earth’s surface in form of light and heat and can be gained at 1Kw/ m2 under optimal conditions.   In order to use solar radiation there has to be a way to capture the energy.   Solar panels are invented to collect the sun’s energy and can de converted directly or indirectly  ¦to other forms of energy, such as heat and electricity.   Applications of solar energy can be for heating/cooling, electricity production, and chemical processes such as in solar detoxification technologies for cleaning water and air. There are many advantages of solar energy over other conventional forms.     As a renewable form of energy, the primary benefit of this is that it will never run out.   The sun provides unlimited supply of solar energy, and is virtually free after the user recovers the initial cost of installation.   The use of solar panels in homes does not need fuels and produces no waste or pollution.   The Clean Energy Ideas website further presented on the advantages of solar power that the only pollution that could be associated with this is may be during the production of the cell and transportation to ones home.   But by the time that it is installed, this solar power system has the total lack of pollution given off. Solar energy also has the ability to harness power in remote locations.   It has an advantage to bring electricity in the remote places on earth as long as the sun contains enough energy in that location. Mountain communities, for example, could benefit a lot from the electricity powered by solar energy as constructing conventional power lines in these places will be very difficult or near impossible due to expensive cost it would incur. Solar energy power system can be stand alone structures that do not require connection to power or natural gas grid. A major limitation of solar energy is its ability to collect and store energy so there is a constant power supply.   Since it cannot function at night when the sun’s power is not available or in places where the sun is not able to provide enough energy for the amount of energy needed for use, there are times that back up energy source is needed.   The irregular and variable manner that solar energy arrives on earth limits the use of this form of energy.   Large areas are also needed to collect it at a useful rate. In the United Kingdom, for example, where the country experiences not a very sunny climate, solar power is use only for low power application.   Jesse Ausebel of the of the Rockefeller University in New York in his article for the Indersciences International Journal of Nuclear Governance, Economy and Ecology, claims that renewable energy is not always green (Inderscience, 2007). He criticized solar power since a â€Å"photovoltaic solar cell plant would require painting black about than 150 square kilometers plus land for storage and retrieval to equal a 1000 MWe nuclear plant†. Since this form of   renewable energy involves vast infrastructure, such as concrete, steel, and access roads, Ausebel further added that As a Green, one of my credos is no new structures but renewables all involve ten times or more stuff per kilowatt as natural gas or nuclear, (Inderscience, 2007). The initial cost of installation of solar panels or building solar power stations can be very expensive, discouraging some of the could-be users of solar energy.   It has appealed mostly to the affluent members of society and environment advocates because buying and installing solar power equipment can cost $15,000 for an average-size home before any current starts to flow a John Greenwald wrote in his article for Time magazine (Greenwald, 1993). Advance studies and research, however, are trying to lower the cost of installation so that this could be accessible to more people.   The technology in harnessing the potentials of solar energy is getting better and cheaper with the passing years.   The price of photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight to electricity has fallen from $500 a watt in the 1960s to about $4 in the 1990s and companies are still finding ways to reduce the cost for residential use (Greenwald, 1993). As the technology is getting better, support from the federal government are also coming in.   Jimmy Carter earlier created tax breaks to spur solar development but this was later scrapped by Ronald Reagan who viewed this as meddling in the energy business, which impeded the development of renewable energy for about 10 years (Greenwald, 1993). With the current situation of our environment, however, the government and the society in general recognizes the need and benefit from developing and improving solar energy. The use of solar energy for electricity is not a farfetched idea as the technology has gone through vast improvements.   Researchers believe that solar energy is soon going to play a major role in electricity generation for the masses.   Production of this on a larger scale are being studied and improved. Budget allocations for these research and studies are being increased in countries around the world signifying that people are finally recognizing the advantages of this renewable form of energy. Energy is needed to spur human activities.   Solar energy indeed poses promising potentials in a society where conventional sources of energy are near depletion.   Undeniably, the solar energy has its limitations, but these are slowly and surely overcome with technological advances and it will not be for long when this energy form will be produced in a larger scale and cheaper rate accessible for homes around the globe. WORKS CITED:    Clean Energy Ideas. http://www.clean-energy-ideas.com/solar_panels.html Greenwald, John. Here Comes the Sun. 18 October 1993. Time magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979413-3,00.html A Brief Introduction to Solar Energy. My Solar Power at Home. http://www.mysolarenergyathome.com/ Natural Resources Canada. Renewable Energy. http://canren.gc.ca/tech_appl/index.asp?CaId=5PgId=121 Renewable Energy Wrecks Environment, According To Researcher. Inderscience Publishers. 25 July 2007 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070724160209.htm

The American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman

The American Dream in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman Death of a Salesman is centered around one man trying to reach the American dream and taking his family along for the ride. The Loman's lives from beginning to end is a troubling story based on trying to become successful, or at least happy. Throughout their lives they encounter many problems and the end result is a tragic death caused by stupidity and the need to succeed. During his life Willy Loman caused his wife great pain by living a life not realizing what he could and couldn't do. Linda lived sad and pathetic days supporting Willy's unreachable goals. Being brought up in this world caused his children to lose their identity and put their futures in jeopardy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Willy lived everyday of his life trying to become successful, well-off salesman. His self-image that he portrayed to others was a lie and he was even able to deceive himself with it. He traveled around the country selling his merchandise and maybe when he was younger, he was able to sell a lot and everyone like him, but Willy was still stuck with this image in his head and it was the image he let everyone else know about. In truth, Willy was a senile salesman who was no longer able to work doing what he's done for a lifetime. When he reaches the point where he can no longer handle working, he doesn't realize it, he puts his life in danger as well a others just because he's pig-headed and doesn't understand that he has to give up on his dream. He complains about a lot of things that occur in everyday life, and usually he's the cause of the problems. When he has to pay for the repair bills on the fridge, he bitches a lot and bad mouths Charl ey for buying the one he should of bought. The car having to be repaired is only because he crashes it because he doesn't pay attention and/or is trying to commit suicide. Willy should have settled with what he had and made the best of things. He shouldn't have tied to compete with everyone and just made the best decision for him using intelligence and practicality. Many of Willy's problems were self-inflicted, the reason they were self-inflicted was because he wanted to live the American dream. If he had changed his standards or just have been content with his life, his life problems would have been limited in amount and proportion.

Reality TV a Poblem Essay

The Pop Culture phenomenon that is reality television has been expanding since its arrival in the early 1990’s. Reality TV is the newest television genre but not the weakest by far. After MTV launched the hit show Real World it was clear that realty TV is here to stay. Today reality television is bigger than ever any time of the day you can be sure that some sort of reality program is being aired on a network. Reality television has become so big that it has created whole television networks based around reality programing, networks such as Tru TV and E! Entertainment which is the mother network for hit shows such as Keeping up with the Kardashians and Girls Next Door. Despite the fact reality TV is very popular it can have negative effects on its viewers. Many media analysts believe although reality programing is entertaining it holds almost no redeeming social value whatsoever. When it comes to values of reality TV programs the only values that it seems to give people are su perficial or for profit. Reality TV’s foundation is their sense of vanity, even in shows like duck dynasty which is about a incredibly rich rural family living on a farm. Even though the show is about a red neck life style it doesn’t fail to show the wealth possessed by the family. Reality TV can often make an average person feel un average. When that average Joe tunes in to see three men in ugly beards (Duck Dynasty) spending hundreds of thousands of dollars on useless comities it can make him or her feel like their life isn’t good enough and that they too should be living like the people depicted on television. In the article Is reality T.V. so bad it’s good or just plain bad? By Sabrina Giancioppi she states â€Å"At face value, reality television is easily a reflection of everything that is wrong with society. The only thing worse than the housewives, bachelors, idols, kids from the shore, teen moms and toddlers, might just be those who tune in to watch these shows every week, fuelling our society’s great appetite for idiotism and humiliation (Giancioppi)† this shows that the possible reason for American’s over  indulgent us as Americans are so blinded by material objects and vanity that we often fail to acknowledge the great things our country has such has freedom of speech and freedom of religion. Many American’s have a mentality that is never satisfied we as a country seem to have a universal belief that nothing is ever good enough and reality television can be somewhat to blame. On reality TV we see rich house wives living a life of luxury and viewers think that if they are not doing these fabulous things like flying in private jets or going shopping for Bentley’s than we are not truly successful when success is based on one’s own perception n ot the perception of pop culture. Reality TV’s big demographic that it reaches out to is the teenager, because they are the ones usually watching the most television in the home ergo they are the best to appeal to. When a young mind of a teenager is exposed to unreal reality and scenarios depicted on reality programs such as Jersey Shore where a household of seven adults spend a summer on the New Jersey beach. The Show consists of drinking, partying, and copulation and was aired for over four years. Shows like Jersey Shore are bad for an older demographic let alone teens. When teens see shows like Jersey Shore it leaves an impression in their mind that this is what it is like to be an adult and they usually believe that because it is the only example they have seen. The problem with so many teenagers being engaged in reality TV programming is that it give false sense of life. When teens watch reality TV it more often than not makes them feel like they have a dull life. The show Laguna Beach: the real Orange County on MTV is about a local high school girl named Lauren Conrad and her clique of wealthy teen friends that live in Laguna Hills. In the show these kids have more problems and things going on than most adults. This is a prime example of how reality television can make a teens life seem awfully dull compared to the people’s on TV like Lauren Conrad who is constantly going to extravagant place and driving a sports car provided by her wealthy parents. Shows like Laguna Beach that are blatantly aimed to a younger audience should be showing kids and teens a role model and teach lessons that will help them in real scenarios rather than showing them a teenager and her friends alluring life filled with glamour that show lack of positive messages and no role models. Although reality shows can be  bad examples for kids and teens James Poniewozik of Time Magazine writes in his article titled â€Å"Why I Watch Reality TV With My Kids† he believes it is good to watch reality television with children and teens because it is the last type of family programming there is. In the article Poniewozik states â€Å"It’s no accident that many of the series I’ve mentioned are competition shows: like sports, it’s a genre that can appeal to kid and adult interests without denying either one. Most of these series are made for adults without any particular goal of being all-ages entertainment. But on their own terms, they reflect things that kids are interested in: competition, creation, performance. Maybe more important, they’re also a kind of structured introduction to the grownup world (Poniewozik)† the claim made by James reveals that there can be positive effects for kids and teens from watching reality shows if they choose to watch a particular show and watch it with their family, but this is not often the case. Usually the child or teen who is watching reality shows are watching with no parental guidance and choose to watch programs that are outrageous or most â€Å"grown up† show, they are not looking for the shows with least values not with the most. Being a teen that has gotten to see reality programming evolve to what it is now has shown me firsthand the lack of value the shows contain. In the Journal of Advertising Research authors Anthony Patino, Veltichka D. Kaltcheva and, Michael F. Smith write about the appeal of reality TV towards teenagers and preteens in the passage the authors state â€Å"With the number of hours spent in front of the television set increasing 6 percent annually (Nielsen Media Research, 2009) and the reality programming genre steadily growing, preteens and teens are more likely to be viewing reality programs. More important, there is evidence that young people emulate the behavior of reality stars (Patino, Kaltcheva, and Smith)†. This statement shows that teenagers are spending more time watching television and reality shows more and more. With the rise of teenage viewers in reality television it no wonder on why our youth seems to be growing up faster and faster. Now a days teenagers no longer want to stay kids for long they see these people on reality TV living an exciting life and they too want their life to be extravagant and exciting and they accomplish this by holding a semblance that depicts that of a reality TV star and doing things like holding  themselves to a higher caliber socially or do things they wouldn’t usually take part of like drinking or smoking but because they see these reality TV stars doing these things and thriving they too want that fame and success. Kids now a days are exposed to so much more grown up content mainly due to all the reality television that is going around. When my sister was younger probably in middle school she couldn’t get enough of MTV and VH1 reality shows from Jersey Shore to VH1’s competition shows like Flavor of Love and Bret Michaels Rock of Love. These type of shows were truly the definition of â€Å"Trash TV†; the shows consisted of a roller coaster of problems t hat at the times seemed enthralling. Shows like the ones my sister would watch made me feel like I was losing brain cells just by watching them, the shows had no plot, no good ideas, no good actors, no nothing. Now I don’t often watch reality television for multiple reasons the biggest simply being there is much better content on television. I would rather watch a such as Breaking Bad or Boardwalk Empire which contains a deep plot that calls for an engaged viewer and shows artistic traits such as cinematography, scoring and set design. Programs with a sense of meaning or artistic value seem more attractive than watching a group of people argue and stress over irrelevant situations. No matter who is watching reality TV or who isn’t they continue rise in popularity and spring out of nowhere by the masses. What makes these shows so attractive to all these viewers? Maybe it’s the enjoyment of seeing a stranger’s life play out in front of your eyes, or the convince of always being able to tune in and watch whether or not one saw last week’s episode. The best way to find out why audiences of reality TV get so enthralled with the programming is to interview with a fan of reality television shows. A super fan of reality shows that I know of is my sister Desirae Duran she is twenty-two years old, a junior in college, and has been watching reality television for as long as she can remember. The first questioned asked to Desirae was why do you like reality programs? Desirae said what she enjoys about reality shows is how they involve little effort from the viewer, when she watches reality shows she can be texting or on the internet on the same time and still understand what is happening in the episode unlike when she watches shows like CSI or Game of Thrones that require h er full attention. I then asked Desirae if she thinks reality  television has redeeming value in society. Her response to my question was rather surprising, she said that reality shows provide entertainment to people, that alone is enough for something to have redeeming value. Desirae then made a comparison to Game of Thrones and The Bachelor saying they both entertain her and fill her crave for good television. What my sister said about how entertainment is valuable is obvious and something I failed to realize and account for. I then asked Desirae a last question on why she thinks other people are so fascinated by reality TV and she gave me a short answer she said â€Å"people want what they can’t have and reality shows give them a taste of what they can’t have† This may be a key reason of why so many people enjoy watching shows about the rich and famous or maybe people just enjoy the entertainment aspect of the shows whatever it may be that attracts a viewers to reality televis ion the networks have no problem with it. It seems as if the only value that comes from reality television is the profit it provides television networks. One of the reasons why cable is flooded with reality programs is because they are so cheap for studios to make. If there is one thing television networks like ABC or NBC love more than a hit show it’s a hit show for the fraction of the price. In an article about the cost of reality television versus scripted television author Laura Jerpi of South University pulls information about reality programming from Scott Manville founder and president of TV Writers Vault in the article it states â€Å"An episode for a scripted series can be anywhere between a half-million and millions of dollars depending on the network and content involved,† in the article Manville also writes â€Å"budgets for reality shows can range from $100,000 to more than $500,000 per episode [depending on the network and content]†. With the amount of money being saved per episode it is no wonder why television is infested with reality shows. The dramatic drop in production cost in reality shows is due to an array of reasons. Reality TV often consist of one to no production sets, mediocre writers, a less than satisfactory director probably fresh out of film school and actors that work for less than an employee at Starbucks. Because of the low cost that goes into producing a reality show and the high profitability rate networks don’t mind having a surplus of them. The Failure of a reality has  far less risk than a failure of a Sit-com or prime time Drama because of the small cost and the large amount programs available so this lets studios and networks experiment with bizarre idea’s and unorthodox content. Reality TV is often called â€Å"Trash TV† mainly because of the lack of values it provides to the general audience. Reality shows fill a viewer’s head up with garbage content. Now a days when one channel surfs the overwhelming wave is the reality wave, reality programs have seemed to have gone to the point of no return. Shows like Jersey Shore and Laguna Beach will continue to thrive as long as people tune in to be passive and not active. It seems as if there are not enough hours in the day for reality television. Television use to be informative and artistic now all of those types of programs are being taken out to make room for reality shows aka â€Å"Trash TV†. If entertainment is considered a valuable commodity then I guess opium is John D Rockefeller. Work Cited Web articles -Giancioppi, Sabrina. â€Å"Pros and Cons: Reality Television | The Concordian.† The Concordian RSS. N.p., 09 Oct. 2012. Web. 02 Dec. 2013. . -Jerpi, Laura. â€Å"Reality TV – Low Cost Programming That Produces High Ratings.† Reality TV – Low Cost Programming That Produces High Ratings. South University, Jan. 2013. Web. 02 Dec. 2013. Television shows – â€Å"A Black & White affair† Laguna Beach. MTV. KBXV. Orange County. 28 Sep. 2004. Television -â€Å"A New Family† Jersey Shore. MTV.KBXV. New Jersey. 03 Dec. 2009. Television Interview -Duran, Desirae. Personal interview. 2 December. 2013. Magazine article -Poniewozik, James. â€Å"Why I Watch Reality TV With My Kids.† Time 181.23 (2013): 54. Business Source Elite. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. Academic Journal -PATINO, ANTHONY, VELITCHKA D. KALTCHEVA, and MICHAEL F. SMITH. â€Å"The Appeal Of Reality Television For Teen And Pre-Teen Audiences.† Journal Of Advertising Research 51.1 (2011): 288-297. Business Source Elite. Web. 2 Dec. 2013.

Poverty And Its Effects On African Nation - 1353 Words

Poverty in Africa has strike the people living there extremely horrible. Africa is the second largest continent in the world. It holds about 1.1 million people, which is 15% of the world’s population. Poverty is about have not enough money to meet basic needs of living which includes food, clothing, and shelter. Being that Africa has a lack of the materials for a humans needs to have a role in society. Although over about 500 billion dollars is sent directly aid the African nation the money is being misused. A large percentage of the money that is sent is used to invest in weapons. This is caused by totalitarian regimes. Having large debts result in little to no money being used for social service, such as education, pensions or medical care. The African nation is pushing for debt relief, because they are unable to maintain payments. This problem does not affect other nations as much like Nigeria but it does take a toll on the smaller nations and the large debtor nations. Ther e are large amounts money being used in Africa for developments of mega projects. Ghana is the richest country in Africa, it obtained it independent after a few years later they had no foreign reserve. And which turned out to be a big waste. Africa has cheap labor available which has encourage inefficient agriculture and industrial practice that left the impoverished. The Republic of Nigeria population is more than 160 million, which is the largest in Africa and also a fast growingShow MoreRelatedThe University Of Texas Of The Permian Basin Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pages Global Poverty Naraly Rodriguez Dr. Davor Jedlicka Introduction to Sociology Fall B 2016 The University of Texas of the Permian Basin Essay Topic #3: Global Poverty â€Æ' Being poor can mean something to one individual compared to another. Whether it is not having clean water to drink or not being able to afford a new laptop. Poverty is very broad, without a single definition. 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Listening is a Form of Love Essay - 812 Words

Listening is a Form of Love Listening can be defined as the act of hearing attentively. Love can be defined as a strong redilection or enthusiasm. Listening is indeed a form of love. In my opinion, when you listen to someone or something, that means you are interested in what is being said. I also think listening is a form of caring and of respect. You may care about the person you are listening to or what you are listening to. Listening to a family member can be a form of love. For example, my great-grandfather, Nathaniel Hudson, 92, feels very lonely now because he lives in a nursing home and his family only comes to see him once or twice weekly. He does not really have anyone to talk to. When he comes to my house on the weekends,†¦show more content†¦I might want to attend a party on Friday night, but my parents tell me to stay home. I can either listen to them or sneak out of the house and suffer the consequences. But I decide to listen to them. I am listening as a form of love. 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By watching Hitch, Sarah, Albert and Allegra one is able to see how having communication, proper or not, affects how are lives are. The main character Hitch gives the most information on communication within the film. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On The Body And Mind1684 Words   |  7 PagesBody and Mind â€Å"Without music, life would be a mistake.† -Friedrich Nietzsche Music has a bigger impact on the mind than what most people think. It can affect our personalities, emotions, and even the brain. Some people consider music to be just a form of entertainment, but it is considerably more than that. Music affects the brain in many ways. The personality of a person can be predicted by what song genre they choose to listen to. 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Nursing Philosophy and Code of Ethics Essay - 872 Words

There are philosophical forces that make up and direct each nurse’s practice. Burkhardt and Nathaniel (2008) note philosophy as â€Å"the intense and critical examination of beliefs and assumptions (pp. 27). One incorporates knowledge and beliefs to make up their philosophical forces. Possessing outstanding philosophical forces allows one to be respectful, well rounded and possess good character. Some examples of ways one has been respectful towards another person’s beliefs are discussed in the next paragraph. A few months ago, one encountered an experience with patient from a different religious background. This particular patient required a blood transfusion, but opted out due to religious reasons. One had to respect the patient’s wishes and†¦show more content†¦Patient care requires the use of ethics and values. Nurses are required to accept a patient’s wishes on choosing their own care. Medication administration also requires the use of ethics and values. Nurses are required to accept a patient’s wishes on refusing a medication and they are also required to administer a medication using the correct route required. Teaching also requires ethics and values. A nurse is required to teach a patient the correct information related to their care, while also respecting the patient. Incorporating ethics is imperative in nursing practice. Ethical theories and principles that influence nursing practice are discussed in the next paragraph. Ethical theories play a role in nursing practice. Both of these influence nursing by incorporating moral decision making. The two ethical theories include naturalism and rationalism. Naturalism suggests that people with similar situations tend to make the same decisions, while rationalism suggests that people with similar situations do not make same decisions (Burkhardt and Nathaniel, 2008, pp. 31). Principles also play a role in nursing practice. 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Business Law Corporations Act 2001 Section

Question: Describe about the Report for Business Law of Corporations Act 2001 Section. Answer: In order to answer this question, a discussion on the rule of Indoor management is needed. When an employee or authority from a company on behalf of the company, enters into a contract with any outsider, it is considered that the company as a whole is entering into the said contract. A noteworthy case in this regard is Bank of New Zealand v. Fiberi Pty Ltd[1]. The outsider entering into such contracts should keep in mind few points before entering into any contract. This includes knowing whether the person entering into the contract has the actual authority to draw such contract. The authority should be Actual because in cases of Ostensible authority, the validity of the contract can be questioned. To understand the principle of Ostensible authority a reference should also be made to the case of Freeman Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties[2]. The third principle that an outsider should keep in mind is the rule of indoor management. When a person(s) enters into a contract with a company, they enter such contract in good faith. They assume that the person executing the contract on behalf of the company acts within the powers and constitution which apply to them[3]. This assumption covers those factors which an outsider would not be aware of in normal course of business. The outsider assumes that everything has been properly performed and the contract has been legitimately executed by the representative of the company. This is the rule of indoor management[4]. This rule acts as a protection for those person(s) who enter the contract genuinely and who cannot know about any irregularity arising out of the executed contract. The rule of indoor management has two major exceptions. The first exception is that the outsider should not be aware of the irregularity. If a person is aware that there is some irregularity and still, the person enters into the contract, in such a case, the person will not be entitled to any relief. The other exception to this rule covers the inquiry by the outsider. When the outsider raises some question that made the person suspicious about any possible irregularity and such person raises the inquiry for the same, they will not be covered under the rule of indoor management In our present case, Mojo Beverage has placed an advertisement in the local newspaper about a reward on catching Lord Harry (a fish). But the advertisement wrongly quoted the reward amount as $100,000 instead of the actual price money of $ 1,000. The said event was to happen at Lake Tranquil on the Australian Day. Ben was one the persons who read the advertisement and went for the said event. Upon arrival and before catching the fish, he heard a rumor about the price money being quoted wrongly in the newspaper and that the actual price money was $1,000. A representative of the company confirmed that Ben had caught the fish. In this case, Ben claimed that Mojo Beverage owed him the wrongly printed amount. The principle of indoor management would have been applicable in this case since Ben could not know about the right or wrong amount of the price advertised. But, before he could actually do the task mentioned in the advertisement he became aware of the irregularity. This is covered under the exception to the rule of indoor management. Though, on becoming aware about the irregularity, he did not raise an inquiry to the representative of the company. But since he was already covered by one of the exceptions of the rule, the claim for the wrongly printed amount cannot be made. Hence, the contention of Ben is completely wrong. 2.(a) A contract is an offer and acceptance of certain terms that the parties to contract agree upon, for exchange of some consideration[5]. The contract should not cover anything that contradicts the law or which may result in violation of some legislation. Thus, it can be summarized that in order for a contract to be legally binding, there must be an offer[6], an acceptance, a consideration and an intention to enter into the contract. The question arises as to whether an offer is same as an invitation to deal. The main criteria to understand the difference between the two is intent. When the party offers some terms to the other party, an acceptance is required. In case of invitation to deal, the intention of the other party would clarify the acceptance. If the invitation to deal states that any assent would be considered an acceptance, than that would be considered as acceptance. Or it may state that the assent would be considered as further negotiation. This difference could be clarified by referring to the case of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots[7]. If the offer states a time frame within which the offer has to be accepted, then any acceptances after the lapse of the said time frame will be deemed ineffective. In case, the time period is not mentioned in for the offer then the acceptance must happen within a reasonable frame of time and beyond that time period, the acceptance becomes ineffective. The acceptance has to be clearly communicated whether verbally or written or even by conduct[8]. A mere mental decision cannot be treated as an acceptance. The acceptance has to be given by the person who received the offer. Any query raised by the party who has received the offer cannot be treated as an acceptance, unless the offer states so. In the present case, Dorper Sheep Seller Pty Ltd (DS) was negotiating a deal with Livestock Brokers (LB). On June 1, DS had sent a letter to LB asking about certain details and also stated that LB replies to those within 14 days. LB replied inquiring some terms. To this, DS did not reply anything. On December 12, LB accepted the offer, at the opening of their business. DS replied by saying that LB was late and that they had started the purchase with a third party and the formalities of that arrangement were to be completed the next day. In this case, the major issue revolves around acceptance. LB has failed to send a clear acceptance to the deal. A clear offer was made by DS which required an acceptance within the time frame of 14 days. LB only raised an inquiry during the given period but failed to accept the offer with the given time. Moreover, they sent the acceptance on 14 December which was six months the mentioned time frame. LB knew they had not sent any acceptance and hence no deal was made. Though this acceptance came at the opening of business of LB, but the time frame of acceptance had lapsed and so, the contention that the business was closed, cannot hold. It was the duty of LB to clearly state the acceptance within 14 days and hence, LB cannot contend this case on any basis. (b) In the second part of this question, LB sends a fax of acceptance on June 14. But, DS did not receive any acceptance due to a transmission error. To answer whether such acceptance would be deemed acceptance, one must consider the famous case of Blackpool Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council[9]. In the mentioned case, the council had invited tenders which were to be submitted in a given time frame. Aero Club had submitted these documents but due to an error on part of the Council, it was recorded as to be received as late and the tender of Aero Club was not considered. The Club alleged it as a breach of contract by claiming that the Council should have considered all the tenders which were submitted within the due date. The judge in this case held that if the tenders are submitted by the Club within the time frame and within the procedures required for submission of such tenders, the submission would be considered as timely. The judge also held that the Club had submitted the tender in the given time frame and so they held that the tender would be opened and considered. The delay on part of the Council cannot be blamed upon the Club. Relating this case study to our present case, a submission made by LB on July 14 would be considered as a valid acceptance and LB cannot be held liable for the transmission error by DS. In this case, LB can sue for breach of contract. 3. In situations where the landlord sells his accommodation to someone and there is a tenant in that accommodation, the tenant attains certain rights. It is not necessary that a new rent agreement be drawn in case of a new landlord. As long as both parties (the tenant and the new landlord) agree to the terms of same agreement, the old agreement (between the tenant and the old landlord) can continue. If the new landlord does not wish to rent the property, they have to give a standard notice to vacate[10]. In case of sale of property, the new landlord and the old landlord have to notify to the authorities stating that the property has changed hands[11]. When a tenant is under a fixed term rent agreement (given the time period is under two years), the rent cannot be increased unless and until it is entered in writing[12]. Once it gets over, the agreement becomes periodic or of rolling lease (unless the parties enter into another fixed term rent agreement). The rent gets increased in such agreements. A table depicting time frame after which the rent increases depending upon the region is given at the end (Table 1). In case of a dispute with the landlord, a tenant can apply with the respective authorities. For a dispute in New South Wales region, a tenant can go to NCAT (NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal)[13] for relief. In Victoria region, RTBA (Residential Tenancies Bond Authority), VCAT (Victorian Civil Administrative Tribunal), EOCV (Equal Opportunity Commission Victoria)[14] are applicable. A tenant can request the landlord for a reduction the rent. The landlord may or may not agree to such reduction. In case the landlord agrees to such reduction, it is advisable to get such reduction in writing[15]. In case the property changes hand and the said arrangement is not in written, it cannot be enforced upon the new land owner. Though, an understanding of the same proposal can be reached with the new owner, if they agree. In case a tenant under pays the rent, the landlord can demand such short paid rent. The landlord can use Form 21 (breach notice of nonpayment of rent) or just give the notice in writing. Such short paid rent has to be paid within 14 days of the notice. If the tenant fails to be the arrears, the landlord can issue the notice of termination in form 1A[16]. This agreement acts as an end of the rental agreement and the tenant has to vacate the accommodation in the following 7 days. In present case, the tenant Stuart had a lease agreement for a period of 5 years (at the end of 2010) with Westphalia Marts Pty Ltd (WM). The rent amount was fixed at $1000 a week. In 2013, due to a decline in his business, he asked the landlord to reduce his rent by $300 thereby making the rent as $700. The landlord agreed to the revision in price and started paying the rent of $700. There was no written agreement to give effect to this reduced price. WM decided to sell off the mall (in which Stuart had his shop) in December 2014. In order to make the Malls income look healthy, they asked Stuart to pay the arrears of each month. The question here arises whether Stuart has any relief in this case. Stuart had a written agreement with WM which stated the full amount of rent. Even though both the parties had agreed to a lower amount of rent, a new agreement or a revised agreement was not drawn. There was no written agreement to give effect to the changed rent. And due to this shortfall, Stuart does not have any right to sue. References Australasian Legal Information Institute, Corporations Act 2001 Section 125-129, New South Wales, 2016. Australian Contract Law. Blackpool Flyde Aero Clubv Blackpool Borough Council. Australian Contract Law, 15 August 2016, https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/blackpool.html Carter, J W, Contract law in Australia. 5th edn, LexisNexis Butterworths, Sydney, 2007. Castle, J. Tenants doing it tough. Choice, 24 November 2014, 15 August 2016, https://www.choice.com.au/money/property/renting/articles/rental-rights-you-didnt-know-you-had/ Clarke, P. And Clarke, J. Contract Law: Commentaries, Cases and Perspectives. 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, South Melbourne, 2016. Department of Commerce. Breaches of tenancy agreement. Government of Australia, Perth, 2014, 15 August 2016 https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/consumer-protection/breaches-tenancy-agreement Department of Justice. Renting a home: A guide for tenants and landlords, Consumer Affairs Victoria, Melbourne, 2005. Elliot, C. Contract Law. 8th edn, Pearson, London, 2011. Jacobs, C. 4 rules to know when your landlord is selling up. Realestate, 16 September 2014, 15 August 2016, https://www.realestate.com.au/advice/renters-rights-home-sale/ Lai, Katrina. Bank of New Zealand v Fiberi Pty Ltd, Melbourne University Law Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, June 1995, pp. 252-259, retrieved 15 August 2016, APAFT database. Morisson, D. The Continued Role of the Common Law Indoor Management Rule Due Inquiry Exception. University of Queensland, 1996, 15 August 2016, https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:356124/UQ356124_OA.pdf Swarb. Freeman Lockeyer v Buckhurst Park Properties; CA 1964. United Kingdom, 2016, 15 August 2016, https://swarb.co.uk/freeman-lockyer-v-buckhurst-park-properties-ca-1964/ Tenants Rights Factsheet. Sale of rented premises. New South Wales, 2015, 15 August 2016, https://intranet.tenants.org.au/print/fs28.pdf Tenants Union of Victoria. The landlord is selling. Victoria, 2013, 15 August 2016, https://www.tuv.org.au/articles/files/resources/landlord-is-selling-FS-2013.pdf Tenants Union of NSW. Factsheet 28: Sale of rented premises. NSW, 2015, 15 August 2016, https://www.tenants.org.au/factsheet-28-sale-of-rented-premises Thomson Reuters. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists. Westlaw, 1953, 15 August 2016, https://legal.thomsonreuters.com.au/product/AU/files/720502512/pharmaceutical_society_of_great_britian_v_boots_cash_chemists.pdf [1] Lai, Katrina. Bank of New Zealand v Fiberi Pty Ltd, Melbourne University Law Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, June 1995, pp. 252-259, retrieved 15 August 2016, APAFT. [2] [1964] 2 QB 480 [3] Australasian Legal Information Institute, Corporations Act 2001 Section 125-129, New South Wales, 2016. [4] Morisson, D, The Continued Role of the Common Law Indoor Management Rule Due Inquiry Exception, University of Queensland, 1996, retrieved 15 August 2016, https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:356124/UQ356124_OA.pdf. [5] Carter, 2007 [6] Clarke Clarke, 2016 [7] Court of Appeal [1953] 1 QB 401; [1953] EWCA Civ 6; [1953] 1 All ER 482, [1953] 2 WLR 427 [8] Elliot, 2011 [9] Court of Appeal [1990] 3 All ER 25 [10] Jacobs, C. 4 rules to know when your landlord is selling up. Realestate, 16 September 2014, retrieved 15 August 2016, https://www.realestate.com.au/advice/renters-rights-home-sale/ [11] Tenants Union of Victoria, The landlord is selling. Victoria, 2013, retrieved 15 August 2016, https://www.tuv.org.au/articles/files/resources/landlord-is-selling-FS-2013.pdf [12] Castle, J. Tenants doing it tough. Choice, 24 November 2014, retrieved 15 August 2016, https://www.choice.com.au/money/property/renting/articles/rental-rights-you-didnt-know-you-had/ [13] Tenants Rights Factsheet. Sale of rented premises. New South Wales, June 2015, retrieved 15 August 2016, https://intranet.tenants.org.au/print/fs28.pdf [14] Department of Justice. Renting a home: A guide for tenants and landlords, Consumer Affairs Victoria, Melbourne, 2005. [15] Tenants Union of NSW. Factsheet 28: Sale of rented premises. NSW, 2015, retrieved 15 August 2016, https://www.tenants.org.au/factsheet-28-sale-of-rented-premises [16] Department of Commerce. Breaches of tenancy agreement. Government of Australia, Perth, 2014, retrieved 15 August 2016 https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/consumer-protection/breaches-tenancy-agreement